Feature
Technologies that deliver high efficiency with a small footprint will lead the charge to decentralization.
municipal services the new projects will demand. Increasingly, we will see cities require developers to supply their own potable water, treat stormwater leaving their property (look to Washington State for examples of this), and, likely, also require some developments to pre-treat wastewater before delivering it to municipal sewers. Expect to see limits — or higher fees — imposed on biological or chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) or volume by municipal wastewater utilities.
An example of this pre-treatment already exists in California and Oregon, where many wineries must dramatically reduce BOD and neutralize pH
in their wastewater before releasing it to sewers or the environment. In California's premium wine capital of Napa, municipal wastewater capacity was overwhelmed by wineries, forcing many to manage their wastewater themselves. That's a peek into the future for many industries in many cities.
TMDLs Set Values
One of the driving forces in many cities for decentralized water treatment will be total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). TMDLs are required for streams, rivers, and lakes that are considered "impaired" by state and federal environmental agencies due to an excess of
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